ts to smoke.
注④动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
注⑤在短语devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to,to be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式。例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.
过去分词、现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语的比较：
1)过去分词与现在分词一般被动式都有被动意义，有时两者无多大区别。
例如:(Being) seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.
在某些情况下，二者则是有区别的。例如：
United, we stand; divided, we fall.(条件)
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)
2)有时过去分词与现在分词完成被动式皆表示已完成的动作，在意义上无多大区别。例如：
(Having been) weakened by storms, the bridge was no longer safe.
但有时是有区别的。例如：
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)
Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.
(这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。)
下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同，所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如：
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。
3)有时现在分词一般式的被动式与其完成式的被动式完全同义，皆表示已完成的动作。这时用一般式的被动式较好。例如：Being surrounded (Having been surrounded)the en

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